TZDATA

Fixing TimeZone

With Zic File

Download Zic File

• http://www.iana.org/time-zones

[root@something tzdb-2019c]# apt install lzip

[root@something tzdb-2019c]# tar --lzip -xvf tzdb-2019c.tar.lz

Apply the Zic File

# zic <filename>
# zdump -v America/Sao_Paulo  | egrep "2019|2020"
zdump: warning: zone "America/Sao_Paulo" abbreviation "-03" lacks alphabetic at start
America/Sao_Paulo  Sun Feb 17 01:59:59 2019 UTC = Sat Feb 16 23:59:59 2019 -02 isdst=1 gmtoff=-7200
America/Sao_Paulo  Sun Feb 17 02:00:00 2019 UTC = Sat Feb 16 23:00:00 2019 -03 isdst=0 gmtoff=-10800

Update with repo

Debian like

apt upgrade tzdata

Red Hat like

yum update tzdata

Fixing a wrong "/etc/localtime" configuration

#First check if we need to fix it by comparing the /etc/localtime with the zoneinfo in /usr/share/zoneinfo
#Getting the MD5SUM for the localtime file
$ md5sum /etc/localtime
223e5193e9159b7c911761f4b8257882  /etc/localtime

#Find which zoneinfo has the same MD5SUM
$ find /usr/share/zoneinfo/ -type f -exec md5sum {}  \; | grep 223e5193e9159b7c911761f4b8257882
223e5193e9159b7c911761f4b8257882  /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Sao_Paulo

#If now results returned. Remove the localtime and create a symbolic link
$ rm /etc/localtime
$ ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Sao_Paulo /etc/localtime

ZIC file sample for Brazil from tzdb-2019c

# Brazil

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
# just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
# The rule change lasted only part of the day;
# the federal government refused to follow the city's rules, and business
# was in a chaos, so the mayor backed down that afternoon.

# From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
# _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
# Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
# [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]

# From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
# sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
# always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
# The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
# 9/95 says that DST is observed only in the ten states I quoted from 9/95,
# along with Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), which are in BR2
# (UTC-4)....  The other two time zones given for Brazil are BR3, which is
# UTC-5, no DST, and applies only in the state of Acre (AC); and BR4, which is
# UTC-2, and applies to Fernando de Noronha (formerly FN, but I believe it's
# become part of the state of Pernambuco).  The boundary between BR1 and BR2
# has never been clearly stated.  They've simply been called East and West.
# However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
# Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
# airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.

# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
# Brazilian official page <http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html>

# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
# [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm

# From Celso Doria via David Madeo (2002-10-09):
# The reason for the delay this year has to do with elections in Brazil.
#
# Unlike in the United States, elections in Brazil are 100% computerized and
# the results are known almost immediately.  Yesterday, it was the first
# round of the elections when 115 million Brazilians voted for President,
# Governor, Senators, Federal Deputies, and State Deputies.  Nobody is
# counting (or re-counting) votes anymore and we know there will be a second
# round for the Presidency and also for some Governors.  The 2nd round will
# take place on October 27th.
#
# The reason why the DST will only begin November 3rd is that the thousands
# of electoral machines used cannot have their time changed, and since the
# Constitution says the elections must begin at 8:00 AM and end at 5:00 PM,
# the Government decided to postpone DST, instead of changing the Constitution
# (maybe, for the next elections, it will be possible to change the clock)...

# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
# modern Brazilian eletronic voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-20):
# Brazil will start DST on 2007-10-14 00:00 and end on 2008-02-17 00:00:
# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do;jsessionid=BBA06811AFCAAC28F0285210913513DA?newsId=13975

# From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
# ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
# effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
#
# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
# part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
# timezone UTC+4
# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
# part of it, as was before.
#
# This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
# proposed it due to concerns about open television channels displaying
# programs inappropriate to youths in the states that had the timezone
# UTC+5 too early in the night. In the occasion, some more corrections
# were proposed, trying to unify the timezones of any given state. This
# change modifies timezone rules defined in decree 2.784 of 18 June,
# 1913.

# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
# Just correcting the URL:
# https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
#
# As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
# timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
# suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
# important/populated city in the affected area.
#
# This new timezone would be the same as the Rio_Branco timezone up to
# the 2008/06/24 change which would be to UTC-3 instead of UTC-4.

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
# This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
#
# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).

# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
# The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
# As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
# yesterday, Brazil will start DST on 2008-10-19 (need to change rule) and
# it will end on 2009-02-15 (current rule for Brazil is fine). Based on
# past years experience with the elections, there was a good chance that
# the start was postponed to November, but it did not happen this year.
#
# It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
#
# An official page about it:
# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
# Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
# by going to
# http://www.mme.gov.br/first
#
# One example link that works directly:
# http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
# (Portuguese)
#
# We have a written a short article about it as well:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
# State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a
# television station in Salvador.

# In Portuguese:
# http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html

# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
# There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
# still in force.

# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
# It's official, the President signed a decree that includes Bahia in summer
# time.
#	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
# I found the decree.
#
# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
# Link :
# http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6

# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia

# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
# Tocantins state will have DST.
# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
# will change as well.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
# Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 23,195 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm> (1933-10-10)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 27,496 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm> (1949-11-24)
# Decree 27,998 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm> (1950-04-13)
Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 32,308 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm> (1953-02-24)
Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 34,724 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm> (1953-11-30)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 52,700 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm> (1963-10-18)
# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
# Decree 53,071 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm> (1963-12-03)
# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 53,604 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm> (1964-02-25)
# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 55,639 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm> (1965-01-27)
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 57,303 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm> (1965-11-22)
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 57,843 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm> (1966-02-18)
Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 63,429 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm> (1968-10-15)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 91,698 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm> (1985-09-27)
Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 94,922 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm> (1987-09-22)
Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 96,676 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm> (1988-09-12)
# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 98,077 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm> (1989-08-21)
# with the same exceptions
Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 99,530 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm> (1990-09-17)
# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm> (1991-09-25)
# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm> (1992-10-16)
# adopted by same states.
Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 942 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm> (1993-09-28)
# adopted by same states, plus AM.
# Decree 1,252 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm> (1994-09-22;
# web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
# Decree 1,636 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm> (1995-09-14)
# adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
# Decree 1,674 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm> (1995-10-13)
# adds AL, SE.
Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 2,000 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm> (1996-09-04)
# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
# From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
# In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
# because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
# they bought the wrong times on satellite for coverage of Pope's visit.
# This year, the ending date of DS was postponed to March 1
# to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
#
# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 2,495 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG>
# (1998-02-10)
Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 2,780 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg> (1998-09-11)
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 3,150 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif>
# (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
# Decree 3,188 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif> (1999-09-30)
# adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 3,592 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm> (2000-09-06)
# adopted by the same states as before.
# Decree 3,630 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3630.jpg> (2000-10-13)
# repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
# Decree 3,632 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg> (2000-10-17)
# repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
# Decree 3,916 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif>
# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
# 4,399 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
# 4,844 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
# 5,223 <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,539 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5539.gif> (2005-09-19),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,920 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5920.gif> (2006-10-03),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 6,212 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV6212.gif> (2007-09-26),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
# From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
# According to this decree
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
# [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
# 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
# the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
# Decree 7,584 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7584_20111013.jpg> (2011-10-13)
# added Bahia.
Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
# Decree 7,826 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7826_20121015.jpg> (2012-10-15)
# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
# Decree 8,112 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto8112_20130930.JPG> (2013-09-30)
# removed Tocantins.
Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	2016	2019	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
# the first Sunday of November
# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
# earlier today. :)
Rule	Brazil	2018	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
# The last ruleset listed above says that the following states observed DST:
# DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2019-04-05):
# According to multiple sources the Brazilian president wants to get rid of DST.
# https://gmconline.com.br/noticias/politica/bolsonaro-horario-de-verao-deve-acabar-este-ano
# https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/04/05/governo-anuncia-fim-do-horario-de-verao.ghtml
# From Marcus Diniz (2019-04-25):
# Brazil no longer has DST changes - decree signed today
# https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/04/25/bolsonaro-assina-decreto-que-acaba-com-o-horario-de-verao.ghtml
# From Daniel Soares de Oliveira (2019-04-26):
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2019/Decreto/D9772.htm

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
#
# Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	1990 Sep 17
			-2:00	-	-02	1999 Sep 30
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2000 Oct 15
			-2:00	-	-02	2001 Sep 13
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2002 Oct  1
			-2:00	-	-02
# Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
# Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
# it also included the Penedos.
#
# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
# In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1988 Sep 12
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# west Pará (PA)
# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
# Paraíba (PB)
Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 15
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Tocantins (TO)
Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Sep 14
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
			-3:00	-	-03	2012 Oct 21
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2013 Sep
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Oct 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1996 Sep  4
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Bahia (BA)
# There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
# of America/Salvador.
Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
			-3:00	-	-03	2011 Oct 16
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2012 Oct 21
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
# Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1963 Oct 23  0:00
			-3:00	1:00	-02	1964
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02
#
# Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
#
# Mato Grosso (MT)
Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2003 Sep 24
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Oct  1
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
#
# Rondônia (RO)
Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# Roraima (RR)
Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	1999 Sep 30
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2000 Oct 15
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
# The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
# east from west Amazonas.
Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	1993 Sep 28
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1994 Sep 22
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
			-5:00	-	-05	1993 Sep 28
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1994 Sep 22
			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
			-5:00	-	-05
#
# Acre (AC)
Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
			-5:00	-	-05